ERROR TYPES

 Errors in Measurement

The uncertainty in a measurement is called an error. Random error, systematic error and gross error are the three possible errors.

 

1) Systematic errors

Systematic errors are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the same direction. These occur often due to a problem that persists throughout the experiment. Systematic errors can be classified as follows

a. Instrumental errors

When an instrument is not calibrated properly at the time of manufacture, instrumental errors may arise. If a measurement is made with a meter scale whose end is worn out, the result obtained will have errors. These errors can be corrected by choosing the instrument carefully.

b. Imperfections in experimental technique or procedure

These errors arise due to the limitations in the experimental arrangement. As an example, while performing experiments with a calorimeter, if there is no proper insulation, there will be radiation losses. This results in errors and to overcome these, necessary correction has to be applied.

c. Personal errors

These errors are due to individuals performing the experiment, may be due to incorrect initial setting up of the experiment or carelessness of the individual making the observation due to improper precautions.

d. Errors due to external causes

The change in the external conditions during an experiment can cause error in measurement. For example, changes in temperature, humidity, or pressure during measurements may affect the result of the measurement.

e. Least count error

Least count is the smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument, and the error due to this measurement is least count error. The instrument’s resolution hence is the cause of this error. Least count error can be reduced by using a high precision instrument for the measurement.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2) Random errors

Random errors may arise due to random and unpredictable variations in experimental conditions like pressure, temperature, voltage supply etc. Errors may also be due to personal errors by the observer who performs the experiment. Random errors are sometimes called “chance error”. When different readings are obtained by a person every time he repeats the experiment, personal error occurs. For example, consider the case of the thickness of a wire measured using a screw gauge. The readings taken may be different for different trials. In this case, a large number of measurements are made and then the arithmetic mean is taken.

If n number of trial readings are taken in an experiment, and the readings are a₁, a₂, a₃,…………………. a_n. The arithmetic mean is

Usually this arithmetic mean is taken as the best possible true value of the quantity.

Certain procedures to be followed to minimize experimental errors, along with examples are shown in Table 1.8.

 

 

 

 

 

3) Gross Error

The error caused due to the shear carelessness of an observer is called gross error.

For example

i. Reading an instrument without setting it properly.

ii. Taking observations in a wrong manner without bothering about the sources of errors and the precautions.

iii. Recording wrong observations.

iv. Using wrong values of the observations in calculations.

These errors can be minimized only when an observer is careful and mentally alert.

 

SUMMARY

In conclusion, gross error represents significant and correctable errors, systematic error signifies continuous deviations in the measurement system or experiment, and random error represents the natural variation in data. Understanding and addressing these types of errors is important for obtaining accurate results in science and engineering.